What are key physical traits of Neanderthals that signify adaptation to colder climates?

Neanderthals exhibited a range of physical traits that were specifically adapted to the colder climates in which they lived, particularly during the Pleistocene epoch. The short and stocky frame of Neanderthals is a classic example of the Allen's rule, which suggests that animals in colder climates tend to have shorter limbs and bulkier bodies as a way to conserve heat. This morphological trait allows for a reduced surface area relative to body mass, minimizing heat loss in frigid environments.

Additionally, Neanderthals had larger nasal apertures compared to modern humans. This anatomical feature is believed to have aided in warming and humidifying the cold, dry air they breathed, thereby enhancing their ability to survive in harsh conditions. Together, these adaptations demonstrate how Neanderthals were well-suited to thrive in the colder climates of Europe and parts of Asia.