How were H. neanderthalensis first perceived by scientists?

The perception of H. neanderthalensis, or Neanderthals, by early scientists was largely that they were primitive and unintelligent. This understanding stemmed from the initial fossil discoveries in the mid-19th century, which displayed features that were noticeably different from those of modern humans, such as a robust physique and a larger brow ridge. These physical characteristics led some early researchers to draw conclusions about their cognitive abilities, often overlooking the evidence that pointed to their complex social behaviors and cultural practices, such as tool-making and burial rituals.

As research progressed and more discoveries were made regarding Neanderthals' tool use, social structures, and even aspects of their potential adaptability, some of the earlier stereotypes began to be challenged. However, the initial characterization of Neanderthals as primitive was widespread and influenced scientific interpretations for decades. Thus, early perceptions that labeled Neanderthals as unintelligent became a significant part of their early narrative within paleoanthropology.